I’ve finally started reading a book by Timothy Lee Scott, Invasive Plant Medicine: The Ecological and Healing Abilities of Invasives (click on the image to go to the website) and it has provided further support and confirmation for a lot of the things I’ve been writing here as well as further provocative fuel for thought while I go about my business with conservationists and gardeners. I’ve just finished the chapters titled ‘Invasive Herbicidal Impacts’ and ‘The Economics of Weeds’. A passage in the latter confirms my earlier contention that ‘Biocidal poisons used to further the Green Revolution in the mid 20th century came directly from the re-tooled factories of World War Two’:
Nazi Germany pioneered chemical engineering for combating plants, pests, and people by developing highly poisonous organophosphate compounds used in agricultural pesticides and as chemical warfare nerve gases. In America after the two World Wars were over, there was a movement to find use for the millions of pounds of wasted ammunition and explosives that remained. Factories that once manufactured war machinery were waiting to be filled, soldiers needed jobs, and there were plenty of raw materials to use. The first widely used herbicides and pesticides were nothing but leftover weapons of war. Nitrogen- and phosphorous-based compounds accumulated in massive, stockpiled amounts during wartime, which then led to the practice of discarding them on agricultural fields as a synthetic fertilizer throughout America and, eventually, the world.
DuPont was the largest manufacturer of gunpowder during WWI and now is the parent company of the world’s largest seed company, Pioneer HiBred, and Monsanto saw a one-hundred-fold increase in profits by supplying chemicals to produce highly reactive explosives such as TNT. Dow Chemical and Monsanto have been the leading manufacturers of herbicides for decades, reaping huge profits from Agent Orange’s campaign against the Vietnamese jungles and with the Roundup family of herbicides for every dangerous [sic] plant imaginable. (pp.76-7, citing this article by Brian Tokar)
…while the story of ‘Agent Orange and the Rainbow Herbicides’ in the former is pretty horrific:
(source: Wikipedia)
The use of herbicides for warfare was first brought to our attention in the Vietnam War, when rainbow herbicides were sprayed across territories to reveal hideouts, destroy agriculture, and poison the enemy. The barrels containing these agents that Dow Chemical Company and Monsanto, among others, manufactured had a coloured stripe painted on them to identify the contents:
Agent Orange, Agent Green, Agent Pink, Agent White, and Agent Purple
The most common was Agent Orange, an equal blend of two phenoxy herbicides (2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T). Between 1961 and 1971, about forty-six thousand tonnes of it was sprayed at intensified rates over 3.5 million acres of southern Vietnamese forests and cropland. Not only were ecosystems completely ravaged by this mass poisoning effort, but also millions of civilians and allied troops were caught in the crossfire. The toxin dioxin used in all of these poisons has been reported by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to cause a wide variety of illnesses that affect various bodily systems and is still present in our [sic] environment at high concentrations. Some known ailments that are compensated under VA benefits include type 2 diabetes, prostate cancer, respitory cancers, multiple myeloma, Hodgkins disease, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, chloracne, porphyries cutanea tarda, peripheral neuropathy, and spina bifida in the children of veterans. Since 1984, Dow Chemical Company has lost various class-action lawsuits regarding these poisonings of American, Australian, Canadian, New Zealand, and South Korean veterans in Vietnam. All have won health care compensation for the unforseen hazards of their service. (p.69, citing this allmilitary forum post)
Of course the generations of Vietnamese victims have had no such luck, with lawsuits against Dow Chemical and Monsanto and subsequent appeals getting thrown out various US courts between 2004 and 2009. To get a deeper sense of this atrocity, read the Wikipedia article and associated links or, if you’ve got a strong stomach, type ‘agent orange effects’ into an image search engine.
I subscribe to the notion articulated by Hireesh Chandra of the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology at Gandhi Medical College, who said, referring to the Bhopal disaster, that individuals or institutions “shouldn’t be permitted to make poison for which there is no antidote” (quoted in Jensen, Culture of Make Believe, p.285)
It seems Agent Orange is still poisoning people in Japan, where:
The U.S. Marine Corps buried a massive stockpile of Agent Orange at the Futenma air station in Okinawa, possibly poisoning the base’s former head of maintenance and potentially contaminating nearby residents and the ground beneath the base, The Japan Times recently learned from interviews with U.S. veterans.
The barrels were apparently abandoned in Okinawa at the end of the Vietnam War — when the U.S. government banned the dioxin-laden defoliant for health reasons — and were buried at the installation in the city of Ginowan after the Pentagon ignored requests to safely dispose of them, according to the veterans who served at the installation in the 1970s and 1980s.
[…]
In 1972, the U.S. removed its stockpiles of Agent Orange from South Vietnam to Johnston Island in the North Pacific where, after a five-year debate over how to dispose of them safely, they were eventually incinerated at sea in 1977.
Scientists researching the dangers of Agent Orange in South Vietnam have discovered that because its highly poisonous dioxin is not dissolved by rainwater, it can remain in the soil, poisoning people for decades. In southern Vietnam today, there are more than 20 dioxin hot spots at sites used by the U.S. military to store Agent Orange.
Where is the accountability for these motherfuckers? How can they get away with this? What incentive do they have to not commit the same crimes in the future?
I don’t expect an answer to these questions anytime soon.
In the meantime I have my work cut out trying to persuade my bosses of the insanity of torching gardens, driveways and even bodies of water with Glyphosate (Monsanto’s patented chemical in Roundup) to kill the plants they or their clients, in their definitely less-than-infinite wisdom, have decided don’t belong.
Tags: agent orange, bhopal, biocide, defoliants, diease, dupont, herbicide, monsanto, roundup, vietnam
June 16, 2012 at 2:55 pm |
See also this 2011 Toronto Star report which revealed that:
(The BBC report which linked to this said that ‘Canadian officials have acknowledged the country used Agent Orange to clear roadside brush as late as the 1980s.’)
The intention?
The rationale?
The result (for humans – obviously we don’t care about the murdered ‘weed trees’)?
Insanity.
June 18, 2012 at 2:02 pm |
Yeah, it’s pretty embarassing to be Canadian as these revelations keep coming. To add to that, our so-called ‘national parks’ are a joke. Logging and mining? Come on in, just don’t do it close to the road where the tourists will see it. We’ve driven through those pine deserts that they planted, and there is nothing there. No birds. No roadkill beside the highways because nothing lives there. At. All.
But Canada is a very big country and everyone lives in the cities, oblivious to the carnage. Canada is also a nation of ostriches, no one wants to know. Now that the Natives are complaining of the poisoned waterways the nation is rising up and saying – “why are you living out there in the middle of nowhere, anyway? Didn’t we tell you to assimilate??”
Yes. It is insanity. There are voices of dissent of course, but the Harper government has new name for them – ecoterrorists. Mention David Suzuki (who I imagine will be knighted if Charles ever gets to the throne) and your average Canadian will roll their eyes. Dark days here, very dark.
Meanwhile, spraying of lawns is now unfashionable, so there’s lots of dandelions and most people will tell you how ‘green’ their lifestyles are.
Yeah, right.
June 21, 2012 at 3:37 pm |
Don’t worry, I’m not holding you accountable 🙂 Situation much the same here with lack of major restriction on extractive activities in nature reserves and a collective, albeit media-driven, refusal to talk about climate change in any serious way (ie: one that identifies capitalism/corporatism as the major culprit). And eco-terrorism? I think I showed you this before.
Interesting about the lawn spraying. How did that come about? No such luck here. Seems to me like the most important thing that could happen in Canada is a nationalist movement to cut down on the export of natural resources, especially those that cause most destruction like the tar sands – most of which gets piped south of the border, if I understand correctly.
Good luck with that!
I
June 21, 2012 at 6:55 pm |
What, are they still really spraying lawns in Britain? I’m not sure how it began here, but most municipalities have banned “cosmetic” use of herbicidal sprays. Golf courses are the exception of course. 🙂
No, it’s all about the economy and energy security here, no hope of slowing down extraction and exports any time soon. If the US doesn’t want our dirty oil anymore that makes China our new best friend, didn’t you hear? Pipeline over the Rockies to the west coast and big mother oil tankers to Asia is next. Frying pan/fire. But now we’re getting off topic…
I guess it was thoughts like these made me post that music video over on my blog a couple days ago.
cheers C
June 21, 2012 at 9:58 pm |
Yup, still spraying. Lawn feed fertilisers mostly, but some moss- and weed-killers in the mix for sure. According to Wikipedia:
Sounds like Canadians have taken some remarkably sane moves, and there’s lots of savvy analysis emerging from the crazy ideology of the lawn. We Brits invented it doncherknow:
Also I note the presence of our friend 2,4-D, ‘restricted’ by many countries (not the US, Canada or the UK) but otherwise ‘the most widely used herbicide in the world’, original ingredient in Agent Orange and still occasionally contaminated with dioxins (which apparently caused the most damage in Vietnam). Hearteningly:
The economics you describe sound nutty (I suppose that’s economics full stop). From what I understand, though, there’s only a brief window in which it will make financial sense to go after the tar sands. Read: ‘The Oil Junkie’s Last Fix’ part 1 and part 2. Although I suppose there are plenty of examples of empires attempting vast follies in their latter days, leading to appalling damages… Sounds like we’re in for a fun couple of decades!
cheers,
I
PS: I’m So Bored With The U.S.A. But what can I do? 😛
June 21, 2012 at 10:03 pm |
John Pilger chimes in:
Seriously? Fuck that clown.
August 8, 2012 at 8:02 pm |
Some better-late-than-never progress for the Vietnamese:
‘The U.S. has begun a landmark cleanup of Agent Orange in Vietnam.‘ Some insight into what it takes to detoxify dioxin some half a century later:
Looks like this is what happened to the rest of the military stockpile:
Here’s a site with some photos of Johnston Island covered with leaking barrels and providing some info on the poisoning of their human caretakers. Yet to read anything about what this did to the wildlife on land or in the oceans (the wikipedia article touches on some of the ecological effects in Vietnam itself).
January 16, 2013 at 12:34 am |
[…] 1947 advertisement / propaganda piece for 2,4-D herbicide (later used in Agent Orange as previously discussed), ‘Death to […]
January 23, 2013 at 9:17 pm |
Hi,
I have a quick question about your blog, would you mind emailing me when you get a chance?
Thanks,
Cameron
September 5, 2013 at 5:46 pm |
Long 2003 article in the Graun by Cathy Scott-Clark and Adrian Levy: ‘Spectre orange: Nearly 30 years after the Vietnam war, a chemical weapon used by US troops is still exacting a hideous toll on each new generation. The deeper you get into this story the more appalling the atrocity appears and the more utterly repugnant those who perpetrated it. A couple of paragraphs:
My only criticism would be the failure to name any of the corporate actors who share responsibility alongside the US govt. & military. At one point they say: ‘the victims lost patience with their government and sued the defoliant manufacturers in an action that was finally settled out of court in 1984 for $180m (£115m).’ Oh did they indeed? Which manufacturers would that be, then? I have to go back to Wiki to find out that ‘Since at least 1978, several lawsuits have been filed against the companies which produced Agent Orange, among them Dow Chemical, Monsanto, and Diamond Shamrock.’